Welcome to our Pet Education Center! We know there is an abundant amount of information out there on pet health and care, and it is hard to know what sources you can trust. This is why we provide Pet Education articles, and trusted resources for you to use! If you still can’t find what you are looking for after browsing our Pet Education Center, give us a call! We are happy to be a part of the team assisting in the health of your pet.
- 🧷 Pet Health Links & Trusted Resources
- 🩺 Common Pet Medical Conditions & Treatments
- 🎥 Pet Care Education Videos & How-To Guides
-
American Association for Feline Practitioners
www.catvets.com -
American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)
www.avma.org -
American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA)
www.aaha.org -
American Board of Veterinary Practitioners
www.abvp.com -
American College of Veterinary Dentists
www.avdc.org -
American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine
www.acvim.org -
American College of Veterinary Nutrition
www.acvn.org -
American Heartworm Society
www.heartwormsociety.org/pet-owner-resources -
ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center
www.aspca.org/pet-care/animal-poison-control -
ASPCA’s 101 Household Pet Dangers
www.aspcapetinsurance.com
-
Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges
www.aavmc.org -
Agility Training Resources – Clean Run
www.cleanrun.com -
Bring Fido – Dog-Friendly Travel Guide
www.bringfido.com -
Center for Veterinary Medicine – FDA
www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary -
Cornell Feline Health Center
www.vet.cornell.edu/fhc -
Pawlicy Advisor – Pet Insurance Guidance
www.pawlicy.com -
Pet Insurance Review
www.petinsurancereview.com -
Pet Loss Support – APLB
www.aplb.org -
Veterinary Partner – VIN’s Client Resource
www.veterinarypartner.com
Allergic Dermatitis in Pets: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Allergic dermatitis is one of the most common allergy-related health problems in dogs, though cats can be affected as well. Symptoms may start as young as a few months of age, or up to 3 years or more. Allergic dermatitis symptoms develop due to an inappropriate immune response to allergens that the pet is exposed to. These can be environmental allergens such as pollens, grasses, leaves, molds, house dust mites, or can be allergens in food or from fleas (flea allergy dermatitis).Symptoms of Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic Dermatitis (Atopy, or inhalant allergy) is a chronic allergic skin condition that affects between 3–15% of the canine population seen by veterinarians. Atopy appears to have an inheritable component and certain breeds are predisposed. The primary clinical sign is pruritus (itching). Pruritus may be seasonal or present year-round. The face, ears, feet, axillae (armpits), abdomen, groin and feet may be affected, though some pets may only have one area affected or may only experience recurring bouts of otitis. Exposure to antigens may occur through inhalation or dermal contact.Diagnosis
Diagnosis of atopy is accomplished via ruling out other dermatologic conditions which cause pruritus, identifying concurrent or secondary infections, and either serum or intradermal skin testing. While allergy is a frequent cause of pruritus, other causes such as external parasites (fleas, mange mites) and ringworm should be excluded. For most patients, a dermatologic workup including the following is recommended:- Skin impression smear cytology – identifies secondary infections like bacteria and yeast
- Skin scraping – detects mange mites; multiple scrapings may be needed
- Woods lamp testing – detects some ringworm species under blacklight
- Fungal culture – confirms ringworm if suspected
- Serologic allergy testing – detects IgE levels for various environmental allergens
- Intradermal skin testing – injects small amounts of allergens into the skin to check for reactions; considered the gold standard
Treatment
Patients with atopic dermatitis often suffer from relapsing skin infections and chronic inflammation that leads to skin thickening (lichenification) and darkening (hyperpigmentation). Treatment goals include:- Controlling itching (pruritus)
- Reducing inflammation
- Treating secondary bacterial or yeast infections
- Restoring skin barrier function
- Long-term flare-up prevention
- Topical treatments – manage infection and help restore skin barrier
- Systemic antibiotics or antifungals – needed for moderate to severe skin infections
- Anti-inflammatory/anti-itch medications:
- Antihistamines – limited effectiveness for most dogs
- Glucocorticoids (steroids) – very effective but with side effects (increased thirst, hunger, weight gain, immune suppression)
- Oclacitinib (Apoquel®) – blocks inflammatory cytokines (not for pets under 1 year or pregnant/lactating)
- Cytopoint® – injectable monoclonal antibody therapy targeting interleukin-31
Other Types of Allergic Dermatitis (Food & Flea Allergies)
Food Allergy Dermatitis: Pets may show skin symptoms (itching, infections), digestive issues (vomiting, diarrhea), or both. Symptoms are often non-seasonal. Diagnosis typically involves elimination diet trials, since serologic or skin tests are unreliable. Treatment focuses on diet and supportive care. Flea Allergy Dermatitis (FAD): Usually causes intense itching around the lower back, tail base, and thighs. Prognosis is excellent with proper flea control for all household pets and environmental treatment. A short course of steroids can ease symptoms while fleas are eliminated.Arthritis in Pets: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Treatment
Arthritis in pets occurs when the cartilage within a joint becomes damaged, leading to inflammation, pain, and reduced mobility. Cartilage acts as a cushion between bones, allowing smooth movement. In animals, the most common form is osteoarthritis, but rheumatoid and septic arthritis are also seen. While commonly affecting senior pets, younger animals can also develop arthritis due to genetics, injury, or other conditions.Types of Arthritis
Osteoarthritis: This is the most common type and results from joint wear-and-tear or injury. It causes cartilage breakdown, leading to bone-on-bone contact and chronic pain. It affects weight-bearing joints and is more common in older pets. Treatment includes pain management, physical therapy, and weight control. Rheumatoid Arthritis: This autoimmune disease causes the immune system to attack the joints, damaging the cartilage and joint lining. It often leads to systemic inflammation and requires corticosteroid therapy.Symptoms of Arthritis in Pets
- Limping: Noticeable limp or favoring one leg, especially after resting.
- Reduced Mobility: Pets may avoid jumping or climbing stairs.
- Abnormal Posture: Hunched backs, sore necks, or hind leg lameness.
- Reduced Activity: Shorter walks, increased sleep, or fatigue.
- Abnormal Grooming: Licking or chewing painful joints or avoiding grooming due to discomfort.
- Changes in Temperament: Increased irritability or sensitivity to touch.
- Muscle Atrophy: Thinner limbs due to inactivity and muscle loss.
Risk Factors
- Genetics: Certain breeds are more prone to joint issues. Cats like Maine Coons, Persians, and Siamese, and dogs like Labradors, Retrievers, and German Shepherds are more susceptible.
- Injury or Trauma: Past fractures or dislocations can lead to arthritis over time.
- Obesity: Doesn’t cause arthritis but worsens joint strain and pain.
Incidence
One in five adult dogs in the U.S. suffers from arthritis. Commonly affected joints in dogs include the hips, elbows, shoulders, knees (stifle), wrists (carpus), ankles (hock), and spine. A 2002 study found that 90% of cats over age 12 show signs of joint degeneration, primarily in the shoulders, hips, elbows, knees, and ankles (tarsi).Diagnosis
A veterinarian can diagnose arthritis through physical exams, X-rays, and in some cases, joint fluid or blood analysis to rule out infection or immune-related conditions.Treatment
While arthritis is not curable, its symptoms can be managed to improve your pet’s quality of life.Exercise
Consistent, low-impact activity helps maintain muscle strength and joint flexibility. It also stimulates joint fluid production, reduces obesity, and minimizes stiffness.Pharmaceuticals
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioid derivatives can provide relief from arthritis pain and inflammation in pets.Dietary Management
Veterinary diets or supplements often include omega-3 fatty acids for inflammation control and glucosamine/chondroitin for cartilage support.Additional Therapies
Alternative treatments such as acupuncture and low-level laser therapy may offer pain relief and improve mobility for arthritic pets.Cancer in Pets: Types, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis
Neoplasia refers to the abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells or tissues in the body. When this growth becomes visible, it’s called a neoplasm or tumor, which may be benign (non-invasive) or malignant (cancerous and potentially spreading). The term “cancer” applies specifically to malignant neoplasms.Benign vs. Malignant Tumors
Benign tumors grow slowly and don’t invade nearby tissue or spread to other organs. They are often encapsulated by fibrous tissue. Malignant tumors grow aggressively, infiltrate nearby tissues, and may metastasize. Though the terms tumor, neoplasm, and cancer are often used interchangeably, only malignant neoplasms are considered true cancers.Incidence of Neoplasia in Pets
Neoplasia is common and more likely to develop as pets age. Cats: Around 32% of cats over 10 years of age die from cancer. The most common feline cancers include:- Skin cancer (25% of feline cancers; 50–65% are malignant)
- Breast cancer (17%)
- Oral tumors (10%)
- Lymphoma (often in younger cats)
Diagnosis
Veterinarians diagnose neoplasia through physical examination, medical history, and tests such as X-rays, ultrasound, and bloodwork. In some cases, biopsies or fine-needle aspirations are required to distinguish between benign and malignant tumors. Additional sampling from lymph nodes or organs may help assess metastasis.Causes
There is no single cause of cancer in pets. It is considered a multi-factorial disease involving genetic and environmental risk factors. Early detection remains the best defense.Common Types of Neoplasia in Pets
Skin: Common in older dogs, skin tumors are usually benign; in cats, skin tumors are more often malignant. All lumps should be evaluated by a vet. Mammary Glands: In dogs, breast tumors account for 70% of all cancers. Around 50% are malignant in dogs, and over 85% in cats. Early spaying greatly reduces risk. Head and Neck: Oral tumors are more common in dogs than cats. Symptoms include gum swelling, bad breath, and difficulty eating. Nasal tumors can cause nosebleeds, facial swelling, or labored breathing. Lymphoma: Found in both species, often seen as swollen lymph nodes. Feline leukemia virus can contribute to lymphoma in cats. Testicles: Rare in cats, more common in dogs — especially with undescended testicles. Abdomen: Internal abdominal tumors are hard to detect early. Signs include weight loss and bloating. Bone: Seen mostly in large breed dogs over 7 years old. Common signs include lameness, swelling, and chronic pain. Rare in cats.Non-Neoplastic Conditions
Some symptoms that resemble neoplasia may be caused by other conditions. These should still be promptly evaluated. Early diagnosis is key for successful treatment.Treatment Options
Treatment varies by cancer type and may include:- Surgery
- Chemotherapy
- Radiation therapy
- Immunotherapy
- Hyperthermia (heat therapy)
- Cryosurgery (freezing)
Euthanasia
Depending on the stage, spread, and severity of the cancer, euthanasia may be considered. Discuss all available options with your veterinarian so you can make the most compassionate and informed decision for your pet and your family.Success Rate
Success depends on the cancer type, severity, and treatment approach. Benign tumors are often successfully removed. While aggressive cancers may not be cured, they can be managed to reduce suffering and improve comfort and longevity.The Future of Pet Cancer Care
New research, advanced imaging, and modern therapies are improving cancer detection and treatment in pets. Early diagnosis offers the best chance of effective care and prolonged life. With new therapies being developed, success rates are expected to rise while minimizing side effects.Dental Disease in Pets: Causes, Prevention, and Treatment
Dental disease is one of the most common health issues in dogs and cats. By the age of two, nearly 85% of pets show signs of periodontal disease. One of the earliest and most noticeable symptoms is bad breath, which is often dismissed by pet owners but can indicate serious dental problems. Dental disease begins with the accumulation of plaque on the teeth. If not removed, plaque hardens into tartar, which irritates the gums and leads to gingivitis and other forms of advanced periodontal disease. At this stage, pets experience significant discomfort, and the infection can begin to affect vital internal organs.Health Risks Beyond the Mouth
Advanced dental disease doesn’t just affect a pet’s mouth — it has been linked to conditions affecting the heart, lungs, and kidneys. These complications can significantly reduce your pet’s lifespan if left untreated.Breed and Diet Factors
The progression and severity of dental disease are influenced by both breed and diet:- Small dog breeds often develop dental issues earlier than large breeds.
- In cats, mixed breeds tend to have fewer dental issues than purebreds.
- Feeding dry vs. canned food is no longer considered a major factor. According to the Veterinary Dental Society, both types of food have little impact on tartar formation.
Veterinary Dental Care
If your pet is showing symptoms of dental disease — such as loose teeth, swollen gums, or visible oral infection — a professional dental cleaning by a veterinarian under general anesthesia may be required. This procedure allows for deep cleaning below the gumline and a full assessment of your pet’s oral health.At-Home Prevention Tips
Preventing dental disease is far easier and more cost-effective than treating advanced cases. Here’s how to care for your pet’s teeth at home:- Brush your pet’s teeth daily using a pet-safe toothbrush and toothpaste.
- Start brushing when your pet is young to help them get used to the process.
- Use alcohol-free oral rinses if needed, but avoid products with alcohol content.
- Chinese herbal remedies may offer benefits in some cases, but should be used under veterinary guidance.
Diabetes in Dogs (Canine Diabetes): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
Diabetes mellitus in dogs is caused either by a lack of insulin or an inadequate response to insulin. After eating, food is broken down into components like glucose (a simple sugar), which enters the bloodstream. Insulin, produced by the pancreas, helps glucose enter cells to be used as fuel. If insulin is insufficient or ineffective, glucose accumulates in the blood, causing hyperglycemia. This leaves the pet hungry and undernourished, despite adequate food intake. Damage to the pancreas’ insulin-producing beta cells can be temporary or permanent, often triggered by viruses, infections, trauma, steroids, or excessive sugar intake.Types of Canine Diabetes
- Type 1 Diabetes: Also known as insulin-dependent diabetes or juvenile diabetes. It results from irreversible destruction of beta cells. Dogs with Type 1 diabetes require lifelong insulin therapy. This is the most common form in dogs.
- Type 2 Diabetes: Often seen in cats, not dogs. It involves insulin resistance and a relative lack of insulin but is not typical in canine patients.
Risk Factors and Incidence
While the primary cause is unknown, major risk factors include:- Genetics
- Autoimmune diseases
- Pancreatitis and other insulin-resistant conditions
- Obesity
- Use of certain medications like corticosteroids
Signs and Detection
Diabetes often has a slow onset. Look for these common signs and contact your veterinarian if you notice:- Excessive thirst (polydipsia)
- Frequent or excessive urination (polyuria)
- Increased appetite with weight loss (polyphagia)
- Fruity or sweet-smelling breath (ketone production)
- Lethargy or low energy
- Vomiting or dehydration
- Recurring urinary tract or skin infections
- Cloudy eyes (possible cataracts)
Diagnosis
Veterinarians diagnose diabetes using urine and blood tests. The presence of glucose and ketones in urine, along with sustained high blood glucose, confirms diabetes.Managing Canine Diabetes
Effective diabetes management focuses on regulating blood glucose, minimizing symptoms, and stabilizing your dog’s health.Insulin Therapy
Most diabetic dogs require daily insulin injections. Your vet will determine the right insulin type and dosage. Many owners learn to administer injections at home — something that becomes routine with time and practice.Monitoring
Monitoring can involve urine test strips (glucose and ketones) or blood glucose meters. This ensures insulin therapy remains effective and safe.Dietary Management
Diet is crucial. A diabetic dog should eat a consistent, balanced diet low in fat and high in fiber and complex carbs. Meals should be given at the same times daily, immediately followed by insulin injections to maintain stable glucose levels. Recommended dietary principles include:- Low-fat content
- High-quality protein
- Complex carbohydrates
- Soluble fiber
- Avoiding glucose-heavy treats
Exercise
Regular but consistent exercise is vital. Irregular or overly intense activity may cause blood sugar fluctuations, so a predictable routine is important.Veterinary Checkups
Diabetes requires regular checkups to monitor progression and adjust treatment. Over time, diabetes can lead to complications like cataracts, urinary infections, or worse if not managed properly.The Future of Canine Diabetes
Although canine diabetes is traditionally viewed as a lifelong condition, gene therapy successfully reversed diabetes in a 2013 clinical trial. This could offer hope for future permanent treatments.Diabetes in Cats (Feline Diabetes): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
Diabetes mellitus in cats is a disease caused by either a lack of insulin or an inadequate response to insulin. After eating, carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which enters the bloodstream. Insulin, produced by beta cells in the pancreas, enables glucose to enter cells for energy. Without enough insulin or proper insulin response, glucose builds up in the blood, causing hyperglycemia, while starving the body’s cells of energy. Cats with diabetes may show signs of excessive hunger while still losing weight due to glucose being trapped in the bloodstream. Damage to pancreatic beta cells may be temporary or permanent and can be caused by infection, trauma, steroid use, or excessive carbohydrate consumption.Types of Diabetes in Cats
- Type 1 Diabetes: Insulin-dependent diabetes caused by destruction of insulin-producing cells. Requires lifelong insulin injections.
- Type 2 Diabetes: Non-insulin-dependent diabetes caused by insulin resistance and a relative insulin deficiency. More common in cats and may initially respond to oral medication or diet management.
Risk Factors and Incidence
Diabetes can affect cats of all breeds, ages, sexes, and reproductive status. However, older neutered males are more commonly affected. Burmese cats show a higher incidence in the UK, Australia, and New Zealand, though not in North America. Key risk factors include:- Genetic predisposition
- Chronic pancreatitis
- Other metabolic disorders (e.g., hyperthyroidism, Cushing’s disease)
- Obesity and sedentary lifestyle
- Indoor-only living
Signs of Feline Diabetes
Gradual behavioral and physical changes often indicate diabetes. Watch for:- Excessive thirst (polydipsia)
- Frequent or increased urination (polyuria)
- Persistent hunger with weight loss (polyphagia)
- Sweet or fruity-smelling breath (ketone production)
- Lethargy and reduced activity
- Dull, thinning coat or dry skin
Diagnosis
Diagnosis begins with urine testing for glucose, ketones, and infection. If glucose is present, blood tests confirm blood glucose and fructosamine levels. Persistently elevated blood sugar levels in both urine and blood confirm a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.Managing Diabetes in Cats
Management depends on diabetes type and severity. Some cats may start on oral medication while others require insulin therapy from the outset. Goals include reducing symptoms, stabilizing glucose levels, and improving quality of life.Insulin Therapy
Daily insulin injections are often necessary to manage feline diabetes. Dosage and insulin type are customized per cat. Your vet may hospitalize your cat initially to monitor treatment response. Some cats go into clinical remission and temporarily stop needing insulin, though long-term care is still required to prevent relapse.Oral Hypoglycemic Medications
Some cats respond to glipizide, an oral medication that lowers blood glucose. However, most cats require insulin to control the disease long-term.Monitoring
Monitoring your cat’s blood sugar levels is key to effective management. Options include:- Urine glucose and ketone test strips
- Blood glucose monitoring devices
Dietary Management
Feeding a consistent, low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet at the same times daily helps regulate glucose. Cats usually prefer small meals throughout the day, and many diabetic diets are specially formulated for blood sugar control. Maintaining a healthy weight and avoiding high-glucose treats is critical.Checkups and Ongoing Care
Regular vet checkups are essential to assess disease progression. Even after long periods of stability, changes can occur. Early detection of issues helps avoid complications such as urinary tract infections or diabetic neuropathy.The Future of Feline Diabetes Treatment
While a true cure remains elusive for cats, advances in gene therapy — which successfully reversed Type 1 diabetes in dogs in 2013 — may eventually apply to feline patients. Ongoing research and improved treatment options continue to increase the likelihood of long, healthy lives for diabetic cats.Canine Distemper: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention
Canine distemper is a highly contagious and serious viral disease that affects domestic dogs and various wildlife species, including raccoons, foxes, skunks, and wolves. It belongs to the Morbillivirus class, closely related to the human measles virus. While there is no known cure, the disease can be prevented through vaccination. Young, unvaccinated puppies are the most vulnerable.Symptoms and Types
The canine distemper virus is spread via eye and nasal secretions, urine, and feces. Transmission occurs through direct contact or indirectly via contaminated items like food bowls, bedding, or even air droplets. After infection, the virus incubates for 14–18 days and initially targets the lymph nodes and tonsils, later spreading to the nervous, respiratory, urogenital, and digestive systems. Early symptoms include:- High fever (above 103.5°F or 39.7°C)
- Red, inflamed eyes
- Watery nasal and eye discharge
- Lethargy and fatigue
- Loss of appetite (anorexia)
- Coughing, vomiting, and diarrhea
- Seizures, tremors, and eventual paralysis (CNS symptoms)
- Thickening of paw pads and nasal tissue (“hard pad disease”)
Causes
While live vaccines rarely cause transmission if not properly attenuated, most infections occur from contact with an infected dog or contaminated environment. Secondary infections or co-existing illnesses can also weaken the immune system and increase susceptibility.Diagnosis
Diagnosis requires a combination of tests:- Blood tests: May reveal low white blood cell counts (lymphopenia)
- Serology: Detects antibodies but cannot distinguish between vaccination or infection
- Antigen detection: In urine, vaginal swabs, nasal mucus, or foot pad tissue
- Imaging: Chest X-rays for pneumonia; CT or MRI for brain lesions
Treatment
There is no specific antiviral treatment for canine distemper. Care is symptomatic and supportive:- IV fluids to address dehydration and loss of appetite
- Regular cleaning of nasal and eye discharge
- Antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections
- Anticonvulsants like phenobarbital and potassium bromide to control seizures
Living and Management
Prognosis depends on the virus strain and the dog’s immune response. Some dogs recover, though neurological issues such as seizures can arise months later. Fully recovered dogs do not shed the virus and are not contagious.Prevention
Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing canine distemper. Puppies and non-immunized dogs should be kept away from potentially infected animals and environments. The virus is short-lived at room temperature but can survive for weeks in cold, shaded areas or within organic debris. Use disinfectants, detergents, and drying to destroy the virus in the environment.Feline Distemper (Feline Panleukopenia Virus – FPV): Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention
Feline Panleukopenia Virus (FPV), also known as Feline Distemper, “Feline Infectious Enteritis,” “Feline Ataxia,” or “Cat Plague,” is a highly contagious and life-threatening viral disease in cats. It targets the intestinal tract, bone marrow, and fetal stem cells. The name “panleukopenia” refers to the severe drop in white blood cells, leaving infected cats highly vulnerable to secondary infections. FPV is especially dangerous for non-vaccinated kittens, pregnant cats, and immunocompromised cats. The virus is related to canine parvovirus but is species-specific and cannot be transmitted between cats and dogs. Vaccination is the most effective form of prevention as FPV can persist in contaminated environments for years.Symptoms of Feline Distemper (FPV)
Behavioral signs:- Depression or lethargy
- Loss of interest in food and water
- Hiding behavior for prolonged periods
- Chin resting on the floor or tucking feet under the body
- Vomiting and diarrhea (may be bloody)
- Fever and dehydration
- Severe anorexia and weight loss
- Anemia and poor coat condition
- Neurological symptoms (ataxia, tremors)
Causes and Transmission
FPV is transmitted through direct contact with infected blood, feces, urine, or contaminated objects like food bowls, bedding, or even human hands and clothing. Fleas that have bitten infected cats can also spread the virus. Kittens may contract the disease in utero or via infected mother’s milk. The virus is highly stable in the environment and resistant to many cleaning agents. It can survive for years unless eliminated by proper disinfectants or by replacing contaminated items entirely. Shelters, catteries, or multi-cat homes pose a higher risk of outbreaks.Diagnosis
Diagnosing FPV involves a full physical exam and a health history review. Your vet will ask if the cat had recent exposure to other cats or outdoor environments. Since FPV mimics symptoms of pancreatitis, poisoning, feline leukemia (FeLV), and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), a full differential diagnosis is critical. Veterinary tests may include:- Complete blood count (CBC) to check for low white and red blood cells
- Microscopic fecal exam for viral remnants
- Biochemistry profile and urinalysis as needed
Treatment of FPV
There is no antiviral cure for FPV. Treatment is supportive and aims to stabilize the cat and prevent secondary infections:- IV fluids and electrolytes to counter dehydration
- Antibiotics to fight opportunistic bacterial infections
- Comfortable, isolated rest area with food, water, and litter box nearby
- Affection and comfort to reduce emotional distress and support recovery
Living and Management
Follow your vet’s instructions regarding medication, household disinfection, and isolation protocols. Carefully monitor other cats for symptoms. Discuss immediate vaccination of healthy cats in the home with your vet. To reduce the risk of lingering infection:- Replace food and water bowls, bedding, and litter boxes used by the infected cat
- Disinfect with a 1:32 bleach solution or veterinary-approved cleaner
- Wash hands thoroughly and change clothes after handling the sick cat
Prevention
Vaccination is the single most effective way to prevent FPV. Ensure your cat’s vaccination schedule includes the panleukopenia vaccine. Non-vaccinated and pregnant cats are especially at risk and may experience severe complications, including fetal malformation or loss if infected during pregnancy.Ear Mites in Pets: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
Ear mites refer to an infestation by the mite Otodectes cynotis, which affects the ears of cats, dogs, and other animals. This parasitic condition is common, highly contagious, and more frequently seen in young pets. While generally mild, complications can occur—especially in animals with compromised immune systems—leading to irritation of the external and middle ear. The mites are transmitted through close contact between animals and can spread from mother to offspring, as well as between different species. While ear mites do not affect humans, they can travel from the ear to other parts of the body in pets. Early treatment is key to preventing further discomfort or secondary infections.Symptoms of Ear Mites
Behavioral signs:- Intense scratching at the ears, head, and neck
- Frequent head shaking
- Generalized body itching
- Dark, red-brown or black crusts inside the ears
- Bumps that resemble coffee grounds in the ear canal
- Visible abrasions or bald patches on the ears
- Scaly, crusted skin on the neck, rump, or tail
- Ear hematomas from excessive head shaking
Diagnosis
Your veterinarian will review your pet’s health history and conduct a full physical examination. Diagnostic procedures may include:- Skin scrapings for dermatological analysis
- Ear swabs examined under a microscope with mineral oil
- Inspection of the ear canals using an otoscope
- Blood work, urinalysis, and electrolyte testing to rule out other issues
Treatment of Ear Mites
Ear mite infestations are usually treated on an outpatient basis. Your veterinarian will provide:- Commercial ear cleaner to remove debris
- Topical parasiticide for 7–10 days to kill mites and eggs
- A follow-up treatment two weeks later to eliminate lingering mites
- Flea treatments for the body, especially the tail area
Living and Management
Most pets respond well to treatment and recover fully. Your veterinarian will likely schedule a follow-up visit within 30 days to re-examine your pet’s ears and ensure the infestation is fully resolved. Ongoing hygiene and regular check-ups can prevent recurrence and maintain ear health.Canine Epilepsy: Causes, Symptoms, Types, and Treatment
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder in dogs, characterized by recurring seizures or fits. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain and can range from mild, undetectable episodes to violent convulsions. Epilepsy may be inherited and is particularly prevalent in certain breeds such as the English Springer Spaniel.Types of Seizures in Dogs
- Status epilepticus: A life-threatening condition where a seizure lasts longer than 10 minutes or multiple seizures occur without full recovery between them.
- Cluster seizures: Two or more seizures within a 24-hour period. Also potentially life-threatening.
- Focal seizures: Affect a small part of the brain and may cause unusual movements or behavior.
- Generalized seizures: Involve both hemispheres of the brain, leading to loss of consciousness and full-body convulsions.
- Focal with secondary generalization: Start in one part of the brain and spread, becoming generalized.
Stages of a Canine Seizure
- Prodrome: Behavioral changes occurring hours or days before the seizure.
- Aura: Nervousness, whining, drooling, or restlessness just before seizure onset.
- Ictus: The seizure itself—intense physical activity lasting 45 seconds to 3 minutes, often with loss of consciousness, paddling, teeth gnashing, urination, or defecation.
- Post-ictus: Disorientation, pacing, excessive thirst, temporary blindness, or deafness.
Types of Epilepsy in Dogs
- Reactive seizures: Triggered by metabolic imbalances like low blood sugar, kidney, or liver failure.
- Secondary epilepsy: Caused by brain tumors, trauma, or strokes (also known as symptomatic epilepsy).
- Primary epilepsy: No identifiable cause—usually diagnosed after excluding all others (also called idiopathic epilepsy).
Symptoms of Canine Epilepsy
- Tachycardia (fast heart rate)
- Muscle contractions and twitching
- Difficulty breathing
- Fainting or collapse
- Swelling in the brain
- Obsessive or compulsive behavior
- Obvious seizure activity
- Weak pulse or low blood pressure
Diagnosis
Early diagnosis of epilepsy is crucial, especially in younger dogs. Your vet may conduct:- Blood sugar analysis
- Liver and kidney function tests
- Blood tests for infections or systemic diseases
- Urinalysis and electrolyte tests
- Neurological exams and imaging, if needed
Development and Prognosis
Epilepsy may worsen over time, especially if seizures occur frequently. Factors influencing disease progression include:- Age of first seizure
- Frequency and severity of seizures
- Underlying neurological damage or trauma
Treatment Options for Epilepsy in Dogs
While epilepsy is typically managed rather than cured, various medications can reduce the severity and frequency of seizures:- Phenobarbital
- Potassium Bromide
- Primidone (Mysoline)
- Valium (Diazepam)
- Dilantin
- Gabapentin
- Keppra (Levetiracetam)
Feline Epilepsy: Causes, Symptoms, and Seizure Management in Cats
Epilepsy in cats is a neurological disorder marked by sudden, uncontrolled physical seizures. These seizures may occur with the cat remaining conscious or unconscious, and they often appear unexpectedly. When there is no known medical cause for the seizures, the condition is referred to as idiopathic epilepsy. Though rare, epilepsy can affect cats of any breed and usually develops between 1 and 4 years of age.Symptoms of Feline Epilepsy
Seizures often begin with focal onset, where abnormal electrical activity occurs in one or more parts of the brain. Before a seizure, cats may appear:- Disoriented or fearful
- Clingy or withdrawn
- Seeking help or hiding
- Fall to their side
- Urinate or defecate
- Paddle with limbs
- Chomp jaws or drool excessively
- Stiffen or vocalize
- Disorientation or pacing
- Loss of vision
- Increased thirst (polydipsia) or hunger (polyphagia)
- Compulsive behaviors or confusion
Causes of Feline Epilepsy
In most cases, the cause is unknown. However, some instances of idiopathic epilepsy are linked to genetic factors. If seizures occur outside the 1–4 year age window, the cause may be metabolic or intracranial disease (within the brain).Diagnosis
To determine whether a cat has epilepsy, veterinarians will assess:- Age at first seizure
- Seizure frequency and patterns
- Complete blood count (CBC)
- Thyroid screening
- Blood chemistry panel
- Testing for feline leukemia and feline AIDS
- Urinalysis
Treatment for Epilepsy in Cats
Most cases are managed through outpatient care. If seizures are frequent or severe, anticonvulsant medications may be prescribed. Common drugs include:- Phenobarbital
- Potassium bromide (used cautiously, especially in older cats)
Managing Your Cat’s Epilepsy
- Regular blood monitoring is crucial during treatment, especially for cats on phenobarbital.
- Kidney function must be closely observed in older cats using potassium bromide.
- Keep a consistent medication schedule—never skip or stop doses abruptly.
- Spaying or neutering is recommended in cases of genetic epilepsy to prevent inheritance.
- Never give over-the-counter medications without veterinary approval, as they can interfere with treatment.
- Keep epileptic cats indoors to prevent missed doses or injury during unsupervised seizures.
Prevention
While genetic epilepsy cannot be prevented, careful management can reduce the risk of seizures. Stopping anticonvulsant treatment abruptly can trigger severe seizure episodes, so it is vital to follow your vet’s guidance for lifelong care.Feline Hyperthyroidism: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
Feline hyperthyroidism is a common endocrine disorder affecting older cats. It occurs due to the development of a benign thyroid nodule, typically an adenoma, that causes the overproduction of T4 (thyroxine), the primary thyroid hormone. This condition leads to increased metabolism and affects multiple organ systems if left untreated.Symptoms of Feline Hyperthyroidism
Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism, but they also influence digestion, nervous system function, and muscle health. Common clinical signs include:- Weight loss despite increased appetite
- Vomiting or diarrhea
- Increased heart rate (tachycardia) and heart murmurs
- Hyperactivity or restlessness
- Hair coat changes or excessive grooming
- Muscle wasting
- Occasionally, only gradual weight loss may be observed
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of hyperthyroidism involves blood testing, specifically measuring Total T4 levels. Elevated T4 levels (>4.0 mg/dL) combined with clinical signs typically confirm the diagnosis. Additional testing includes:- Complete Blood Count (CBC)
- Comprehensive blood chemistry profile
- Urinalysis
- Free T4 (FT4) and T3 levels if Total T4 is inconclusive
- Thoracic X-rays and echocardiography in cats with heart murmurs or tachycardia
Treatment Options
There are four primary treatment options for hyperthyroidism in cats:- Radioactive Iodine Therapy (I131): The most effective and preferred treatment. It destroys abnormal thyroid tissue without affecting healthy areas and typically results in a permanent cure.
- Oral medication (Methimazole): Commonly used for long-term management. It reduces hormone production but requires lifelong treatment and regular monitoring. Side effects may include vomiting, diarrhea, or allergic reactions.
- Surgery (Thyroidectomy): Surgical removal of one or both thyroid glands. Risks include inadvertent removal of the parathyroid glands, leading to the need for calcium and vitamin D supplements.
- Prescription diet (Hill’s y/d®): A low-iodine diet designed to reduce thyroid hormone production. May be used when medications are not tolerated.
Monitoring and Follow-Up
If oral methimazole is used, testing is recommended 2–3 weeks after starting treatment to monitor:- Thyroid hormone levels (T4)
- Kidney function
- Blood cell counts
Flea Control & Flea Bite Allergies in Dogs and Cats
Flea bite allergies and flea allergic dermatitis (FAD) are among the most common causes of itchy skin conditions in dogs and cats. These conditions result from an allergic reaction to the saliva injected by fleas during feeding. In hypersensitive pets, even one or two flea bites per week can trigger severe symptoms. The allergic reaction leads to intense itching, scratching, and skin trauma. This can result in secondary bacterial infections caused by organisms such as Staphylococcus intermedius or Malassezia pachydermatis. Flea allergy can affect pets of any age but is most common in animals between 1 and 3 years old.Understanding the Flea Life Cycle
Fleas go through four life stages: adult, egg, larva, and pupa. Adult fleas feed on your pet’s blood and lay eggs, which then fall off into the environment—especially in bedding and carpets. Larvae and pupae develop off the pet, making it essential to treat both the animal and its surroundings for effective flea control.Common Symptoms of Flea Allergy Dermatitis (FAD)
- Severe itching (pruritus)
- Hair loss, particularly around the hindquarters
- Red, inflamed skin (erythema)
- Pustules or crusty lesions
- Scabbing and thickened skin from scratching (neurodermatitis)
Diagnosis
Fleas or flea dirt may not be visible due to excessive scratching. Diagnosis involves:- Careful inspection using a flea comb
- Skin testing to rule out mites or other infections
- Noting the pattern of skin lesions
- Trial treatment with flea control products to monitor improvement
Treatment and Flea Management
Effective flea control requires treating both the pet and their environment. Options include:- Topical (spot-on) flea treatments applied to the back of the neck
- Oral flea medications (effective but harder to administer to cats)
- Flea shampoos for quick relief during acute infestations
- Environmental treatments such as sprays or powders targeting eggs and larvae
- Steroids or antihistamines to reduce inflammation and itch
- Antibiotics if secondary skin infections are present
Living With and Managing Flea Allergy
Consistent and preventative flea control is key. Follow your veterinarian’s schedule or the product’s instructions for application frequency. Factors such as bathing, swimming, or indoor/outdoor access may affect how often products need to be reapplied. Because even a single bite can cause a reaction in allergic pets, year-round flea prevention is essential to avoid flare-ups.Gastric Torsion / Bloat (GDV) in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention
Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus (GDV), also known as gastric torsion or bloat, is a life-threatening condition where the stomach fills with gas (dilation) and twists (volvulus), cutting off escape routes for the gas and severely disrupting blood flow. This dangerous condition primarily affects large, deep-chested dog breeds and requires emergency veterinary intervention.What Happens During GDV?
As the stomach dilates and rotates (90–360° clockwise), it traps gas, food, and fluid. The twisting can block the esophagus, preventing the dog from vomiting or burping. Pressure builds in the abdomen, damaging internal organs, restricting blood flow (perfusion), and potentially leading to organ failure or death.Symptoms of Gastric Torsion / Bloat
- Swollen or distended abdomen
- Unproductive retching or dry heaving
- Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia)
- Weak pulse and pale gums
- Labored breathing (dyspnea)
- Excessive drooling and signs of abdominal pain
- Restlessness, anxiety, depression, or collapse
Causes and Risk Factors
While the exact cause of GDV is unknown, several factors increase the risk: Genetic and Anatomical Risks:- Large or deep-chested breeds (e.g., Great Danes, St. Bernards, Weimaraners, Setters)
- Family history of GDV
- Advanced age
- Eating or drinking large quantities quickly
- Exercising immediately after meals
- Delayed digestion or gastric emptying
Diagnosis
Veterinarians diagnose GDV through physical examination, x-rays, and tests such as bloodwork and urinalysis. Abdominal radiographs help confirm stomach rotation. Elevated blood lactate levels may indicate poor tissue perfusion and severity of the condition.Treatment for GDV
GDV is a medical emergency. Immediate treatment includes:- Stabilization with IV fluids to address shock
- Decompression of the stomach via oro-gastric intubation
- Surgery to untwist the stomach and reposition internal organs
- Gastropexy surgery may be performed to prevent recurrence
Recovery and Management
Post-operative care involves pain management and restricted activity for about 2 weeks. Follow-up visits are crucial to monitor healing and prevent complications. If treated early, many dogs can recover successfully from GDV.Prevention Tips for Gastric Torsion
- Feed smaller, more frequent meals
- Use slow-feeder bowls to reduce gulping
- Prevent intense activity before and after meals
- Monitor at-risk breeds closely for early signs of bloat
- Consider prophylactic gastropexy for high-risk dogs
Gastric Torsion / Bloat (GDV) in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention
Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus (GDV), also known as gastric torsion or bloat, is a life-threatening condition where the stomach fills with gas (dilation) and twists (volvulus), cutting off escape routes for the gas and severely disrupting blood flow. This dangerous condition primarily affects large, deep-chested dog breeds and requires emergency veterinary intervention.What Happens During GDV?
As the stomach dilates and rotates (90–360° clockwise), it traps gas, food, and fluid. The twisting can block the esophagus, preventing the dog from vomiting or burping. Pressure builds in the abdomen, damaging internal organs, restricting blood flow (perfusion), and potentially leading to organ failure or death.Symptoms of Gastric Torsion / Bloat
- Swollen or distended abdomen
- Unproductive retching or dry heaving
- Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia)
- Weak pulse and pale gums
- Labored breathing (dyspnea)
- Excessive drooling and signs of abdominal pain
- Restlessness, anxiety, depression, or collapse
Causes and Risk Factors
While the exact cause of GDV is unknown, several factors increase the risk: Genetic and Anatomical Risks:- Large or deep-chested breeds (e.g., Great Danes, St. Bernards, Weimaraners, Setters)
- Family history of GDV
- Advanced age
- Eating or drinking large quantities quickly
- Exercising immediately after meals
- Delayed digestion or gastric emptying
Diagnosis
Veterinarians diagnose GDV through physical examination, x-rays, and tests such as bloodwork and urinalysis. Abdominal radiographs help confirm stomach rotation. Elevated blood lactate levels may indicate poor tissue perfusion and severity of the condition.Treatment for GDV
GDV is a medical emergency. Immediate treatment includes:- Stabilization with IV fluids to address shock
- Decompression of the stomach via oro-gastric intubation
- Surgery to untwist the stomach and reposition internal organs
- Gastropexy surgery may be performed to prevent recurrence
Recovery and Management
Post-operative care involves pain management and restricted activity for about 2 weeks. Follow-up visits are crucial to monitor healing and prevent complications. If treated early, many dogs can recover successfully from GDV.Prevention Tips for Gastric Torsion
- Feed smaller, more frequent meals
- Use slow-feeder bowls to reduce gulping
- Prevent intense activity before and after meals
- Monitor at-risk breeds closely for early signs of bloat
- Consider prophylactic gastropexy for high-risk dogs
Heartworm in Dogs and Cats: Symptoms, Transmission & Prevention
Heartworm disease is a potentially fatal parasitic condition caused by the roundworm Dirofilaria immitis. It primarily affects dogs, cats, and ferrets, and is spread exclusively by mosquito bites. Despite being preventable, heartworm can cause severe damage to the lungs, heart, and blood vessels if left untreated.Life Cycle, Transmission & Effects
Mosquitoes transmit heartworms by biting an infected host and picking up microscopic larvae (microfilariae). These develop into infective larvae within the mosquito and are then transmitted to another pet during the next bite. Inside the new host, larvae migrate through the body and mature into adult worms within 6 to 7 months. Adult worms reside in the pulmonary arteries and, in severe cases, the heart. In dogs, worms can live 5–7 years, and in cats, 2–3 years. The presence of adult worms can cause lung disease, heart failure, and organ damage. Infected cats rarely have circulating microfilariae, making feline-to-mosquito transmission unlikely.Geographical Distribution
Heartworm was once limited to the southern U.S., but it’s now found nationwide and in many countries. Mosquitoes are present year-round in some regions, so even indoor pets are at risk. If you travel with your pet, consult your vet about local heartworm prevalence.Symptoms and Diagnosis
Dogs:- Coughing or difficulty breathing
- Fatigue after light activity
- Loss of appetite or weight loss
- In advanced stages: heart failure, distended abdomen, collapse
- Gagging or vomiting
- Respiratory distress or wheezing
- Sudden collapse or death (rare but possible)
Treatment Options
Dogs: Dogs diagnosed with heartworm require a treatment plan that targets both adult worms and microfilariae. Treatment includes hospitalization, rest, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Dead worms can block blood flow, so dogs must be kept calm during recovery. Cats: There is no safe treatment for adult heartworms in cats. Treatment focuses on managing inflammation with corticosteroids and supportive care. In rare cases, surgical removal of worms may be necessary.Preventing Heartworm
- Year-round heartworm prevention is nearly 100% effective
- Monthly oral or topical preventives available by prescription
- Testing before starting prevention is essential to ensure no existing infection
- Repeat blood testing every 6–12 months to monitor effectiveness
Key Facts to Remember
- Heartworm is transmitted by mosquitoes, not by direct animal contact
- Symptoms may not appear for months after infection
- Heartworm can affect indoor-only pets
- Preventives do not kill adult heartworms—early detection matters
Hip Dysplasia in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options
Hip dysplasia is a common hereditary orthopedic condition in dogs, particularly large breeds. It occurs when the hip joint develops abnormally, leading to joint laxity, cartilage wear, and eventually debilitating osteoarthritis. Early detection and appropriate management can significantly improve your pet’s quality of life.What Is Hip Dysplasia?
The canine hip joint is a “ball and socket” structure. In dogs with hip dysplasia, the femoral head (ball) and acetabulum (socket) do not fit properly due to shallow sockets or malformed femoral heads. This poor fit causes joint instability, progressive cartilage damage, and chronic pain.Symptoms of Hip Dysplasia
Signs may vary with the severity of the disease and the dog’s age. Common clinical signs include:- “Bunny hopping” gait in the rear legs
- Lameness in one or both hind limbs
- Narrow stance and difficulty climbing stairs
- Loss of thigh muscle mass
- Hip joint laxity and reluctance to rise or exercise
- Progressive pain and limited mobility as osteoarthritis develops
How Is Hip Dysplasia Diagnosed?
Diagnosis includes a full physical exam, gait analysis, and palpation of the hips (often under sedation). Radiographic imaging using OFA or PennHIP techniques helps assess joint laxity and confirm the diagnosis. Breeds predisposed to hip dysplasia should undergo hip certification before breeding.Treatment and Management
Treatment depends on the dog’s age, severity of symptoms, and response to therapy. Options include: Medical Management:- Joint supplements (glucosamine, chondroitin)
- Pain relief via NSAIDs, Tramadol, or Gabapentin
- Weight control to reduce joint stress
- Physical therapy and cold laser therapy
- Juvenile Pubic Symphysiodesis (JPS): For puppies under 4 months using PennHIP to evaluate. Alters pelvic growth for better joint alignment.
- Triple Pelvic Osteotomy (TPO): Recommended for dogs under 1 year. Surgically rotates the pelvis to stabilize the hip joint.
- Femoral Head Ostectomy (FHO): Removes the femoral head, allowing a false joint to form. Best for small dogs under 50 lbs.
- Total Hip Replacement (THR): Most effective for larger dogs. Involves inserting a prosthetic hip joint for full mobility recovery.
Living with Hip Dysplasia
With early diagnosis and tailored treatment, dogs with hip dysplasia can lead active, pain-free lives. Discuss medical vs. surgical options with your veterinarian based on your dog’s age, breed, and lifestyle needs.Hookworm in Dogs: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Prevention
Hookworms are dangerous intestinal parasites that can cause severe anemia, intestinal inflammation, and even death in dogs, especially puppies. These blood-sucking parasites attach to the lining of the small intestine, leaving behind bleeding wounds and causing ongoing health issues if untreated.Symptoms of Hookworm Infection
Early symptoms can be subtle, but progress rapidly. Look out for:- Loss of appetite
- Pale gums, lips, and inner eyelids
- Coughing (if larvae reach the lungs)
- Dark, tarry stools or diarrhea
- Constipation and general weakness
Causes of Hookworm Infestation
Hookworms are most often transmitted:- Through mother’s milk (transmammary)
- From contaminated environments, soil, or water
- Via ingestion of infected hosts or larval penetration of the skin
Diagnosis
Hookworms are not visible to the naked eye. Diagnosis is confirmed by a veterinarian using a fecal flotation test to detect eggs or larvae in your dog’s stool sample. If sudden deaths occur in a litter of puppies, hookworms should be suspected.Treatment Options
Veterinarians typically prescribe deworming medications to kill and expel the worms. Additional support may include:- Iron and nutritional supplements
- Fluid therapy or oxygen supplementation for severely anemic dogs
- Blood transfusions in extreme cases
Prevention of Hookworms
Although no vaccine exists, prevention includes:- Maintaining a clean environment
- Sanitizing water bowls and feeding areas
- Administering monthly parasite preventatives as recommended by your vet
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) in Dogs and Cats: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder affecting both dogs and cats, typically presenting in middle-aged pets. While the exact cause of IBD remains unclear, contributing factors may include immune system dysfunction, dietary allergens, intestinal permeability defects, and infectious agents. Certain breeds, such as Boxers and Soft Coated Wheaton Terriers, may be genetically predisposed to specific forms of IBD.Symptoms of IBD in Pets
Common clinical signs of IBD include:- Intermittent vomiting
- Chronic or intermittent diarrhea
- Loss of appetite (anorexia)
- Weight loss
- Edema or ascites in advanced protein-losing cases
Diagnostic Testing
While gastrointestinal biopsy confirms IBD, it is typically preceded by less invasive testing to rule out other causes of chronic GI symptoms.- Complete blood count (CBC) and biochemistry panel
- Electrolyte analysis and serum T4 (thyroid function)
- ACTH stimulation test to exclude Addison’s disease
- Trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI) for pancreatic function
- Folate and cobalamin (Vitamin B12) levels to assess malabsorption
- Fecal α-1 proteinase inhibitor test for protein-losing enteropathy
- Abdominal ultrasound to evaluate bowel wall thickness
Biopsy for Definitive Diagnosis
Gastrointestinal biopsies may be performed via:- Endoscopy: Less invasive, superficial tissue sampling
- Surgical biopsy: Full-thickness tissue collection with higher risk
Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
IBD management is tailored to the individual pet and severity of clinical signs:- Deworming: Empiric treatment with febendazole
- Antibiotics: Metronidazole or tylosin
- Dietary therapy: Novel protein, hydrolyzed, or high-fiber diets for 4–6 weeks
- Anti-nausea medications: Maropitant (Cerenia®) for vomiting pets
- Anti-inflammatory drugs: Sulfasalazine for large bowel signs
- Immunosuppressive therapy: Prednisolone, budesonide, azathioprine (dogs), or chlorambucil (cats)
Living With IBD
IBD is a chronic condition requiring long-term management rather than a cure. Flare-ups often result from dietary indiscretion. Successful treatment typically involves a combination of medication, dietary adjustments, and careful monitoring.Kennel Cough in Dogs (Infectious Tracheobronchitis): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention
Kennel cough, also known as Infectious Tracheobronchitis (ITB) or Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex, is a highly contagious respiratory condition in dogs. It is especially common in environments where many dogs congregate, such as kennels, shelters, grooming facilities, or dog parks. Stress, close contact, and airborne pathogens all contribute to its spread.Symptoms of Kennel Cough
Common symptoms of kennel cough include:- Persistent dry or honking cough
- Ocular (eye) discharge
- Nasal discharge
- Lethargy or decreased energy in severe cases
Causes and Pathogens
Kennel cough is a multi-factorial disease caused by a variety of viral and bacterial pathogens. Common causative agents include:- Viruses: Canine parainfluenza, adenovirus, canine herpesvirus, canine respiratory coronavirus, canine distemper virus, canine influenza
- Bacteria: Bordetella bronchiseptica, Mycoplasma spp., Streptococcus zooepidemicus
Diagnosis of Kennel Cough
Veterinarians may use the following diagnostic tools, especially in multiple-dog outbreaks:- PCR respiratory panels: Swabs from nasal, oropharyngeal, and conjunctival sites
- Tracheal wash and culture: For lower respiratory infections (less common in group settings)
- Post-mortem tissue testing: In fatal or euthanized cases
Prevention Strategies
Preventing kennel cough involves a multi-pronged approach:- Vaccination against Bordetella, canine parainfluenza, adenovirus, distemper, and influenza (where available)
- Vaccinate at least 2 weeks before potential exposure (e.g., boarding)
- Improve air circulation and reduce overcrowding in kennels
- Enforce cleaning protocols and fomite control
- Isolate symptomatic dogs to prevent transmission
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the severity and underlying cause:- Mild cases: Often self-limiting; may not require antibiotics
- Moderate to severe cases: May require systemic antibiotics, cough suppressants, and supportive care
- Nebulization therapy: Can help with deeper respiratory involvement
Leptospirosis in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention
Causes of Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis is a serious bacterial infection caused by multiple serovars of the Leptospira species. It affects not only dogs but also a wide range of domestic and wild animals including cows, pigs, sheep, raccoons, rodents, and deer. The disease is zoonotic, meaning it can be transmitted to humans. Infected animals shed the bacteria through urine, contaminating water and soil. These leptospires can survive in moist environments for months, especially during periods of high rainfall and warm temperatures. Dogs typically contract the bacteria through contact with or ingestion of contaminated water, or through broken skin and mucous membranes. Once in the body, the bacteria target vital organs such as the kidneys, liver, spleen, nervous system, and eyes.Symptoms of Leptospirosis in Dogs
While many dogs may carry the infection without symptoms, those that develop clinical disease can exhibit signs ranging from mild to life-threatening. Common symptoms include:- Lethargy and weakness
- Fever
- Vomiting and diarrhea
- Loss of appetite and weight loss
- Increased thirst and urination
- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
- Kidney and liver failure
- Bleeding disorders (e.g., DIC)
- Peracute infections may lead to sudden death
Diagnosis
Veterinarians diagnose leptospirosis using blood and urine tests. Diagnostic tools include:- Complete blood count (CBC) and chemistry panel
- Urinalysis showing proteinuria, hematuria, and dilute urine
- Antibody titers – a high titer can indicate infection unless recently vaccinated
- PCR testing to detect bacterial DNA in blood or urine (not reliable after antibiotics are started)
Treatment
Dogs with kidney or liver involvement usually require hospitalization. Treatment options include:- Intravenous fluids for hydration and organ support
- Antibiotics – initial treatment with ampicillin or penicillin followed by doxycycline
- Anti-nausea and pain-relief medications
- Nutritional support and close monitoring
Prevention of Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis is preventable with vaccination. Puppies can begin their vaccine series around 12 weeks of age, with annual boosters recommended. Discuss with your veterinarian whether your dog is at risk based on lifestyle and geography. To minimize risk, avoid letting your dog drink from stagnant water sources and limit exposure to wildlife-contaminated environments.Mange in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention
What Is Mange?
Mange is a skin condition caused by mite infestations, commonly affecting dogs and other companion animals. It leads to poor coat condition, inflammation, hair loss, and discomfort. Mites typically live in the hair follicles or on the surface of the skin. When they multiply excessively, they cause irritation, infections, and more severe dermatological issues.Causes of Mange
Mange is caused by two main types of mites:- Sarcoptes scabiei (Sarcoptic mange or canine scabies) – burrows into the skin and causes intense itching, hair loss, and scabbing. It is highly contagious and zoonotic (transmissible to humans).
- Demodex canis (Demodectic mange) – naturally lives on the skin but can cause disease when the immune system is compromised. This type is not contagious to humans.
Types of Demodectic Mange
- Localized Demodectic Mange: Small patches of hair loss, usually on the face. Common in puppies and often resolves without treatment.
- Generalized Demodectic Mange: Extensive hair loss, skin infections, and inflammation across larger body areas. Requires treatment and may be hereditary.
- Demodectic Pododermatitis: Affects the feet and is difficult to treat. Requires deep biopsy for diagnosis.
Transmission
Sarcoptic mange spreads through direct contact and contaminated environments. Mites can survive off-host for a short time. Demodectic mange is usually transferred from mother to puppy during nursing and is not contagious to humans or other pets under normal conditions.Symptoms of Mange
Sarcoptic Mange:- Severe itching and scratching
- Hair loss (especially on ears, elbows, face, and legs)
- Red, crusty, or scabby skin
- Listlessness and restlessness
- Bald patches around eyes, mouth, and body
- Scabs, thickened skin, or foul odor
- Ear discharge
Diagnosis
Veterinarians diagnose mange via physical exams and skin scrapings examined under a microscope. When mites are difficult to locate, diagnosis may rely on symptoms and medical history. Deep biopsies may be required for certain forms such as demodectic pododermatitis.Risk Factors
- Puppies and dogs under 18 months for localized mange
- Older dogs or specific breeds (e.g., Pit Bulls, Bulldogs, Shar Peis) for generalized mange
- Weakened immune systems or hereditary predispositions
Treatment Options
Sarcoptic Mange: Isolation, antiparasitic medication, anti-itch and anti-inflammatory drugs, and treatment for secondary infections. Results are typically visible within 4 weeks. Demodectic Mange: Immune support, medicated shampoos, and possibly antibiotics for secondary infections. Regular skin scrapings every 2 weeks guide treatment progress.Is Mange Curable?
Yes, mange can be cured, especially in young dogs. Adult dogs may need long-term management. Treatment is usually discontinued after two consecutive negative skin scrapings. A final scrape four weeks after the last treatment ensures the mites have not returned.Prevention Tips
- Keep your pet’s environment clean, including bedding and collars
- Limit contact with infected animals
- Treat all household pets if one is diagnosed with mange
- Follow up with your veterinarian for routine monitoring and skin checks
Mitral Valve Disease (MVD) in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
What Is Mitral Valve Disease?
Mitral valve disease (MVD) is the most common heart condition in small breed dogs, particularly in breeds like Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Boston Terriers, Miniature Poodles, Chihuahuas, and Pomeranians. Males are more frequently affected than females.Understanding the Mitral Valve
The mitral valve controls blood flow between the left atrium and left ventricle. In MVD, the valve becomes thickened or degenerated, leading to improper closure and backflow of blood (regurgitation). This causes strain on the heart and can progress to congestive heart failure over time.Symptoms of MVD
- Heart murmur
- Chronic coughing
- Reduced exercise tolerance
- Respiratory distress (in late-stage disease)
- Weakness and weight loss
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on physical exam findings, chest X-rays (thoracic radiographs), and echocardiography. A heart murmur on the left side is a typical early sign. Imaging helps distinguish between cardiac-related cough and respiratory disease.Classification of Mitral Valve Disease (ACVIM Staging)
- Class A: High-risk breeds with no current signs or heart changes
- Class B1: Structural changes without heart enlargement or symptoms
- Class B2: Structural changes with left-sided heart enlargement
- Class C: Current or past signs of congestive heart failure
- Class D: End-stage disease, resistant to standard treatment
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on disease stage. Controversy exists about starting medication in Class B2 patients. For dogs with Class C MVD or congestive heart failure, a combination of the following may be used:- Furosemide (diuretic)
- Spironolactone
- ACE inhibitors
- Pimobendan (positive inotrope and vasodilator)
Prognosis & Ongoing Care
With proper monitoring and treatment, dogs with MVD can maintain quality of life for months to years. Regular veterinary exams, echocardiograms, and medication adjustments are essential for managing this chronic condition.Pet Obesity: Risks, Assessment, and Management
Overview of Pet Obesity
Pet obesity is a growing health concern in the United States and globally. According to the Association for Pet Obesity Prevention, over 50% of pets in the U.S. were classified as obese in 2015. These findings were based on body condition scoring during wellness exams at over 100 veterinary clinics.Health Risks Associated with Obesity
Obesity in pets contributes to a wide range of health issues, including:- Arthritis and joint pain
- Heart disease and heart failure
- Urinary tract infections and disease
- Diabetes mellitus
- Respiratory conditions such as asthma
How to Assess Your Pet’s Body Condition
Use the 9-point Purina Body Condition Scoring Chart as a visual reference. You can also evaluate your pet’s body fat by touch using this simple guide:- Knuckles: Underweight – too little fat
- Fleshy thumb base: Overweight – too much fat
- Palm side of knuckles: Ideal weight – just the right amount of fat
Developing a Weight Management Plan
Weight management requires collaboration between your family and veterinarian. Here are key steps for creating a plan:- Track everything your pet eats, including treats and table food.
- Consult your vet to determine your pet’s current and target weight.
- Reduce caloric intake by 20–25% for weight loss (with vet approval).
- Eliminate or significantly reduce treats; offer healthier options like certain fruits or vegetables.
- Switch from free feeding to scheduled meals with controlled portions.
- If needed, seek help from a veterinary nutritionist for pets with special dietary requirements.
Exercise and Lifestyle
Exercise is essential in helping your pet lose weight and maintain a healthy body condition. Consult your vet to design a safe and appropriate fitness plan tailored to your pet’s age and health status.Parvovirus in Dogs: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Prevention
What is Canine Parvovirus (CPV)?
Canine Parvovirus (CPV), commonly known as “Parvo”, is a highly contagious viral disease with two primary forms: intestinal and cardiac. The intestinal form is more prevalent and characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and severe weight loss. The less common cardiac form affects puppies’ hearts and is often fatal.Symptoms and Types
Intestinal CPV: The most common symptoms include severe bloody diarrhea, vomiting, fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, rapid heart rate, and hypothermia. Dogs may also show pain when the abdomen is touched. Cardiac CPV: Affects young puppies’ heart muscle and often leads to sudden death due to fluid buildup in the lungs. This form is now rare due to improved vaccination practices.Causes and Risk Factors
CPV is mainly transmitted through contact with infected feces or contaminated surfaces. Risk factors include:- Exposure to infected dogs or environments
- Improper vaccination protocols
- Contaminated soil or surfaces (virus can live for up to a year)
- Susceptible breeds: Rottweilers, Doberman Pinschers, Pit Bulls, and more
- Weakened immune systems from disease or medication
Diagnosis
Veterinarians diagnose CPV through physical examination, blood tests, fecal testing, and imaging. Tests may show low lymphocyte levels, electrolyte imbalance, intestinal obstruction, or inflamed lymph nodes. Fecal samples are used to identify the virus microscopically.Treatment
There is no antiviral cure for CPV. Supportive care includes:- IV fluids to treat dehydration
- Antiemetics and H2 blockers to manage vomiting and nausea
- Antibiotics to prevent secondary infections
- Anthelmintics for parasite control
Living and Management
During recovery, feed your dog an easily digestible diet and isolate them for at least 2 months to prevent spreading the virus. Disinfect all objects and areas with a bleach solution (1:30 ratio). After recovery, your dog may have a weakened immune system and should be monitored for other illnesses.Prevention
The most effective prevention is proper vaccination. Puppies should be vaccinated at 6, 9, and 12 weeks of age. Avoid contact with unvaccinated dogs until at least two weeks after the final dose. High-risk breeds may require vaccinations up to 22 weeks of age. Speak with your veterinarian for personalized guidance.Rabies in Pets: Transmission, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Prevention
What is Rabies?
Rabies is a deadly viral disease caused by lyssaviruses, affecting all warm-blooded animals, including pets and humans. The virus causes inflammation of the brain, and once symptoms appear, the disease is almost always fatal. Rabies kills one person every 10 minutes worldwide.Transmission
Rabies is primarily transmitted through the bite of an infected animal. It can also spread via scratches or saliva entering open wounds or mucous membranes. Common wildlife reservoirs include foxes, raccoons, skunks, and bats. The virus survives only briefly outside a host but is highly concentrated in saliva.Symptoms and Stages
After entering the body, the virus travels along peripheral nerves to the brain. The incubation period varies from 7 days to over a year. Once symptoms begin, they progress through three phases: Prodromal Phase: Lasts 1–3 days. Symptoms include behavioral changes, fever, and excessive licking at the bite site. Friendly pets may become aggressive and vice versa. Furious Phase: Increased restlessness, aggression, sensitivity to stimuli, disorientation, and seizures. More common in cats. Paralytic Phase: Characterized by muscle paralysis, difficulty swallowing, excessive drooling, labored breathing, and ultimately respiratory failure and death.Diagnosis
Rabies diagnosis is confirmed post-mortem via microscopic examination of brain tissue. Experimental tests using skin or blood samples are being developed but are not widely used yet.Exposure Guidelines
Pets: If bitten by wildlife and the attacker can’t be tested, unvaccinated pets are isolated for 6 months. Vaccinated pets are observed for 45 days. Humans: If bitten by a potentially rabid animal, the person is given post-exposure vaccines and rabies immunoglobulin. Wash wounds immediately with soap and water and seek medical attention.Treatment
There is no effective treatment for rabies once symptoms begin. Survival is extremely rare and requires intensive care. Prevention is key.Vaccination and Prevention
Vaccination is the most effective prevention method. Dogs are legally required to be vaccinated in all states, but many remain unvaccinated. Cats are now more frequently infected than dogs due to lower vaccination rates. Standard vaccination schedule:- First dose at 3–4 months old
- Booster at 1 year
- Then every 1 or 3 years as recommended by your veterinarian
Roundworms in Pets: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
What Are Roundworms?
Roundworms, or ascarids, are common intestinal parasites affecting both dogs and cats. The most notable species include Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, and Baylisascaris procyonis. Adult roundworms are long, tan-colored worms with three lips at their anterior end. They can also infect other mammals, including humans.How Pets Contract Roundworms
Roundworm infection occurs through various routes including:- Ingestion of eggs from contaminated environments
- Consumption of infected prey (paratenic hosts)
- Transplacental transmission from mother to fetus (especially Toxocara canis)
Symptoms of Roundworm Infection
Clinical signs are most obvious in puppies or kittens with heavy worm burdens. Symptoms may include:- Pot-bellied appearance
- Diarrhea or vomiting (sometimes with visible worms)
- Poor coat quality and stunted growth
- In Baylisascaris infections, neurological signs may occur
Zoonotic Risk
Roundworms are a zoonotic threat, especially to children who may accidentally ingest contaminated soil. Human infections can cause serious complications such as:- Visceral larval migrans (affecting internal organs)
- Ocular larval migrans (can result in vision loss)
- Neural larval migrans (rare but serious nervous system damage)
Diagnosis
Veterinarians typically diagnose roundworm infections using fecal centrifugation. The Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) recommends frequent fecal testing in young pets and annual testing in adults based on risk and lifestyle.Treatment Options
Effective treatments include deworming agents such as:- Pyrantel
- Febendazole
- Milbemycin
- Moxidectin
Prevention
To prevent roundworm infection in pets:- Begin deworming puppies and kittens early
- Administer monthly parasite preventives
- Regularly clean and remove pet feces
- Limit pets’ exposure to potentially contaminated environments and wild animals
Systemic Fungal Diseases in Pets: Blastomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Coccidiomycosis & Cryptococcosis
Blastomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Coccidiomycosis, and Cryptococcosis are systemic fungal infections caused by dimorphic fungi, which exist in two forms: environmentally-residing spores (the infective stage) and yeast that develop once the spores are inhaled. These infections can lead to severe illness and even death in both animals and humans.Environmental Sources
Each fungus has its typical habitat:- Blastomyces: Found in decaying organic matter, soil, and leaf litter.
- Histoplasma: Commonly present in bat droppings.
- Coccidiomyces: Located in dust and soil.
- Cryptococcus: Often found in bird droppings and soil.
Symptoms
The initial site of infection is usually the respiratory tree, where inhaled spores transform into yeast. These yeast are then taken up by macrophages and disseminate via lymphatics and blood to various organs, resulting in granulomatous inflammation. Clinical signs vary, but may include:- Cough
- Fever
- Weight loss
- Lethargy
- Loss of appetite
- Vomiting and diarrhea
- Draining skin lesions
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is achieved through cytological examination of affected tissues (e.g., enlarged lymph nodes or draining skin lesions) and antigen testing of blood or urine. Laboratory evaluations such as complete blood counts, blood chemistry panels, urinalysis, and thoracic radiographs help determine the extent of the infection.Treatment
Treatment typically requires prolonged systemic antifungal therapy. While itraconazole has traditionally been the treatment of choice, cost considerations often favor other azoles like fluconazole. In cases of severe respiratory compromise, hospitalization and combination therapy with intravenous amphotericin and an azole may be necessary. Repeated antigen testing is useful in monitoring treatment response and determining when therapy can be safely discontinued.Tapeworms in Pets: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention
What Are Tapeworms?
Tapeworms are common intestinal parasites found in dogs, cats, and many other animals, including humans. They are flat, segmented worms made up of proglottids (segments) joined together in a chain (strobila). The head, or scolex, of the tapeworm attaches to the lining of the intestine using hooks or suckers and absorbs nutrients directly from the host.Life Cycle of Tapeworms
Tapeworms have a complex life cycle that involves an intermediate host. Eggs are shed via feces, ingested by intermediate hosts (like fleas, rodents, or fish), and develop into larvae. The definitive host (usually your pet) becomes infected by ingesting these intermediate hosts. The cycle completes when the tapeworm attaches to the intestinal lining and begins growing.Common Tapeworm Species in Pets
- Dipyllidium caninum – Transmitted by fleas; common in both dogs and cats.
- Taenia taeniaeformis – Rodent-transmitted; most common in cats.
- Taenia pisiformis – Transmitted by rabbits; typically infects dogs.
- Echinococcus multilocularis – Rodent-transmitted; found mostly in the Midwest.
- Echinococcus granulosus – Found in wild dogs; intermediate hosts include livestock.
- Diphyllobothrium caninum – Fish-transmitted; affects dogs and cats.
- Spirometra mansonoides – Found in the Eastern U.S.; transmitted via frogs, snakes, or rodents.
Symptoms
Most pets with tapeworms show no clinical symptoms. However, in cases of heavy infection, you may observe:- Visible worm segments (proglottids) near the anus or in stool
- Weight loss
- Decreased coat quality
Diagnosis
Veterinarians diagnose tapeworms by identifying proglottids in feces or through fecal centrifugation testing. However, shedding of eggs can be inconsistent, so negative tests don’t always rule out infection.Treatment
The standard treatment for most tapeworm infections is a single dose of praziquantel. Some species, like Spirometra, require longer or off-label dosing regimens.Prevention
To prevent tapeworm infections in your pet:- Control fleas with veterinary-approved preventives
- Prevent your pet from hunting or scavenging rodents and dead animals
- Use monthly parasite preventives that include praziquantel
- Regularly clean up pet waste from yards and litter boxes
Systemic Fungal Diseases in Pets: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
What Are Systemic Fungal Diseases?
Systemic fungal infections such as Blastomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Coccidiomycosis, and Cryptococcosis are serious and potentially fatal diseases in animals and humans. These are dimorphic fungi, meaning they exist in two forms: environmental spores and yeast forms inside the body. Infection typically occurs through inhalation of airborne spores, which then convert to yeast and spread throughout the body.Where Are These Fungi Found?
- Blastomyces – Found in decaying wood, soil, and leaf litter.
- Histoplasma – Often found in bat droppings or contaminated soil.
- Coccidiomyces – Common in dry, dusty soils.
- Cryptococcus – Found in bird droppings and contaminated soil.
Symptoms of Systemic Fungal Infections
These infections typically begin in the respiratory tract and may spread to other organs. Symptoms include:- Cough
- Fever
- Weight loss
- Lethargy
- Appetite loss
- Vomiting or diarrhea
- Draining skin lesions
- Histoplasmosis – May present as chronic gastrointestinal illness in dogs.
- Blastomycosis – Commonly causes severe respiratory distress; poor prognosis in hypoxemic cases.
- Cryptococcus – Often causes chronic nasal infections, especially in cats.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis involves a combination of methods:- Cytology – Examination of infected lymph nodes or skin lesions to detect yeast organisms.
- Antigen testing – Performed on blood or urine to identify fungal infections.
- Blood work & radiographs – Help assess the extent of internal disease.
Treatment
Treatment is often long-term and requires systemic antifungal medications:- Azoles – Itraconazole is effective but expensive; fluconazole is often used as a more affordable alternative.
- Amphotericin B – Used intravenously for severe respiratory disease, typically in combination with azole therapy.
- Monitoring – Repeated antigen testing is crucial to monitor treatment success and prevent relapse.
Urinary Incontinence in Pets: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
What is Urinary Incontinence?
Urinary incontinence refers to the involuntary leakage of urine or the inability to control urination. It can affect dogs and cats at any age and may be caused by medical conditions, congenital abnormalities, or trauma. Recognizing symptoms and seeking prompt veterinary evaluation can help improve your pet’s quality of life.Common Symptoms
The most noticeable symptom is urine leakage or accidents in the home. Important signs include:- Frequent or unexplained urination
- Urine dribbling when sleeping or resting
- Blood in the urine
- Urgency to urinate or straining
Incontinence by Age Group
- Young Animals – May have incomplete house training or congenital urinary tract abnormalities. Early spay in female dogs may result in estrogen-associated incontinence.
- Cats – Rarely suffer true incontinence, but inappropriately urinating cats should be evaluated for feline lower urinary tract disease, FIV, or FeLV.
- Adult & Senior Pets – Most commonly suffer from urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence, endocrine disorders (e.g., Cushing’s disease or diabetes), trauma, or neurologic conditions.
Diagnosing Urinary Incontinence
Urination control is a complex process involving nerves, muscles, and the brain. Diagnostics may include:- Urinalysis and urine culture
- Blood testing for kidney disease, diabetes, or endocrine disorders
- Feline virus testing (FeLV/FIV)
- Imaging: X-rays, ultrasound, contrast studies, CT or MRI
- Urethroscopy or urethral pressure profiling
Treatment Options
Treatment is based on the underlying cause:- Ectopic ureters – Require surgical correction.
- Pelvic bladder – Treated with surgery and/or drug therapy.
- Estrogen-responsive incontinence – Treated with diethylstilbesterol (DES).
- Hormone-related leakage – Phenylpropanolamine often helps older spayed females.
- Endocrine disease-related incontinence – Managed by controlling underlying diabetes or Cushing’s disease.
- Neurologic or trauma-related incontinence – May improve with time, physical therapy, and supportive care.